The optimal conversion schedule is lumpy. Rules of thumb leave six figures behind.

For a 60/58 couple with a $1.5M IRA, staying just under the ACA cliff every year — the heuristic most people actually use — still leaves ~$496k on the table over 30 years versus the true joint optimum.

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Optimal 30-year timeline showing MAGI versus the ACA cliff line, with three large conversion spikes and near-zero years in between — Three big conversion years that blow through the cliff on purpose, near-zero in between.

What it computes

Joint 30-year optimization over the actual cliffs ACA subsidy cliff, IRMAA 2-year lookback, LTCG stacking, and NIIT — solved together, not year by year.
Full year-by-year breakdown you can audit Every conversion, MAGI, subsidy, IRMAA tier, and federal tax line, laid out so you can check the math yourself.
Deterministic and reproducible Same engine as the published notebook, cross-validated against PolicyEngine US. Same inputs, same output, every time.

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